Lead-free perovskites and derivatives for photogeneration: a roadmap to sustainable approaches for photovoltaics and photo(electro)catalysis

Abstract

This roadmap provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in lead-free perovskite materials for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical /photocatalytic applications. It highlights the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions, emphasizing the role of lead-free perovskites in addressing challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and efficiency. The roadmap is designed to guide the reader from application-driven perspectives to fundamental materials insights, characterization techniques, fabrication strategies and overreaching sustainability considerations. The document explores key material families, including tin-, bismuth-, antimony-, and copper-based perovskites, detailing their optoelectronic properties, fabrication techniques, and application potential. Special attention is given to advanced characterization methods, green processing strategies, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for material design and optimization and lifecycle impact assessments to ensure environmental sustainability. By bringing together insights from global research communities, this roadmap serves as a strategic guide for advancing lead-free perovskite technology, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and accelerating the transition to next-generation solar energy solutions.